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Biochemistry — Vitamins, Minerals & Trace Elements

💊 Vitamins, Minerals & Trace Elements

The cofactors that keep every metabolic pathway running. Each deep dive below covers functions, deficiency states, excess/toxicity, and the board-favorite clinical correlations.

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Fat-Soluble Vitamins
A, D, E, K — stored in adipose, released unpredictably. Vitamin A toxicity, D-resistant rickets, K-dependent clotting factors, warfarin, and the antioxidant hierarchy.
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B Vitamins & Cofactors
B1 through B12 plus Vitamin C. The 3-dehydrogenase pattern, Wernicke-Korsakoff, pellagra, megaloblastic anemia, and why B9 vs B12 is the board's favorite trick.
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Minerals & Trace Elements
Calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron + chromium, selenium, molybdenum, manganese, fluoride. Wilson's vs Huntington's, Menke's, and why fluoride kills glycolysis.
BONE WIZARDRY — COMLEX REVIEW